Hamcrest matchers

Here is a table summarizing some common Hamcrest matchers along with brief explanations of their usage:

Matcher	Description	Example Usage
`is(T value)`	Checks if the actual value is equal to the expected value. It is a shorthand for `equalTo()`.	`assertThat(actual, is(5));`
`equalTo(T value)`	Checks if the actual value is equal to the expected value.	`assertThat(actual, equalTo(5));`
`not(Matcher<T> matcher)`	Asserts that the actual value does not match the given matcher.	`assertThat(actual, not(equalTo(5)));`
`greaterThan(T value)`	Asserts that the actual value is greater than the expected value.	`assertThat(actual, greaterThan(5));`
`lessThan(T value)`	Asserts that the actual value is less than the expected value.	`assertThat(actual, lessThan(10));`
`greaterThanOrEqualTo(T value)`	Asserts that the actual value is greater than or equal to the expected value.	`assertThat(actual, greaterThanOrEqualTo(5));`
`lessThanOrEqualTo(T value)`	Asserts that the actual value is less than or equal to the expected value.	`assertThat(actual, lessThanOrEqualTo(10));`
`containsString(String substring)`	Checks if the actual string contains the specified substring.	`assertThat(actual, containsString("example"));`
`startsWith(String prefix)`	Asserts that the actual string starts with the given prefix.	`assertThat(actual, startsWith("Hello"));`
`endsWith(String suffix)`	Asserts that the actual string ends with the given suffix.	`assertThat(actual, endsWith("World"));`
`hasItem(T item)`	Checks if a collection contains the specified item.	`assertThat(list, hasItem("item1"));`
`hasItems(T... items)`	Checks if a collection contains all the specified items.	`assertThat(list, hasItems("item1", "item2"));`
`empty()`	Asserts that a collection or array is empty.	`assertThat(collection, is(empty()));`
`notNullValue()`	Asserts that the actual value is not `null`.	`assertThat(actual, is(notNullValue()));`
`nullValue()`	Asserts that the actual value is `null`.	`assertThat(actual, is(nullValue()));`
`instanceOf(Class<?> clazz)`	Asserts that the actual value is an instance of the specified class.	`assertThat(actual, is(instanceOf(String.class)));`
`allOf(Matcher<?>... matchers)`	Asserts that all of the provided matchers are satisfied.	`assertThat(actual, allOf(startsWith("He"), containsString("el"), endsWith("lo")));`
`anyOf(Matcher<?>... matchers)`	Asserts that at least one of the provided matchers is satisfied.	`assertThat(actual, anyOf(equalTo(5), equalTo(10)));`

Explanation

is() and equalTo(): is() is a shorthand for equalTo(), used for simple equality comparisons.
not(): Negates the result of a matcher.
Comparative matchers (greaterThan(), lessThan(), etc.): Used for comparing numerical values.
String matchers (containsString(), startsWith(), endsWith()): Used to assert conditions on strings.
Collection matchers (hasItem(), hasItems(), empty()): Used for checking conditions on collections like lists or sets.
Null matchers (notNullValue(), nullValue()): For asserting null or non-null values.
Type matcher (instanceOf()): For asserting that an object is an instance of a specific class.
allOf() and anyOf(): Logical matchers for combining multiple conditions.